Ahl-i Hadith

Ahl-i Hadith atau Ahl-e-Hadith (Benggali: আহলে হাদিস, Hindi: एहले हदीस, Parsi: اهل حدیث, Urdu: اہلِ حدیث‎, "ahli hadis") ialah gerakan pembaharuan salaf yang muncul di India Utara pada pertengahan abad kesembilan belas daripada ajaran Sayyid Ahmad Shahid, Syed Nazeer Husain dan Nawab Siddiq Hasan Khan.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] Ia adalah cabang dari gerakan Tariqah-i-Muhammadiya India pada abad ke-19 yang terikat dengan tradisi Shah Waliullah Dehlawi dan gerakan Wahabi.^[5] Penganut gerakan itu menggambarkan diri mereka secara istilah-istilah seperti Muwahideen.^[6]

Pada mulanya bersekedudukan dengan "wahabi" India, gerakan itu muncul sebagai kumpulan berbeza pada sekitar 1864, setelah mengitktiraf istilah Ahl-i Hadith untuk menonjolkan komitmennya terhadap hadis (pernyataan dari Muhammad, disahkan melalui rantaian transmisi) dan kesunyian politiknya.^[7] Pergerakan ini patut diberi perhatian kerana penentangan yang kuat terhadap amalan yang berkaitan dengan pemujaan wali, yang mereka anggap sebagai pelanggaran tauhid.^[8] Penganutnya mengaku berpegang pada pandangan yang sama seperti mazhab Ahl al-Hadith awal.^[9] Mereka menolak taqlid (mengikuti duluan hukum) dan memihak kepada ijtihad (penalaran hukum bebas) berdasarkan kitab suci.^[3] Hari ini, istilah salafi dan Ahl-i Hadith sering digunakan secara bergantian, gerakan ini berkongsi kecenderungan doktrin dengan mazhab Hanbali yang lazim di Semenanjung Arab, dan ramai ahlinya telah mengenal pasti diri mereka dengan mazhab Zahiri.^[10] Sesetengah percaya ia mempunyai beberapa perbezaan yang ketara daripada Salafi yang kebanyakannya Arab.^[11]^[12]^[13]

Dengan pengaruh yang besar di kalangan kalangan intelektual Islam urban Asia Selatan, Ahl-i Hadith bersatu dalam Persidangan Ahl-i Hadith Seluruh India pada tahun 1906,^[14]^[15] dan di Pakistan, membentuk sayap politik dalam Jamiat Ahle Hadith pada 1986.^[16] Pergerakan itu telah mendapat sokongan dan pembiayaan daripada Arab Saudi.^[17]

Rujukan

^ Daniel W. Brown, Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought: Vol. 5 of Cambridge Middle East Studies, pg. 27. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. ISBN 9780521653947 "In India rejection of taqlīd and preoccupation with hadīth became focused in a single reformist sect, the Ahl-i-Hadīth, which drew directly on the tradition of Shâh Wali Allāh and al-Shawkänī. Almost all of the group's early and influential representatives had direct connections with the line of Shāh Walī Allāh and especially with the Indian mujāhidin movement, led by Sayyid Ahmad Barēlvī, which carried to an extreme the purificationist tendencies within Shāh Waī Allāh's school."
^ M. Naeem Qureshi, Pan-Islam in British Indian Politics, pg. 458. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 1999. ISBN 9004113711
^ ^a ^b "Ahl-i Hadith". The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2014. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001. ISBN 9780195125580.
^ Meijer, Roel (2014). "Salafism In Pakistan: The Ahl-e Hadith Movement". Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement. New York: Oxford University Press. m/s. 127. ISBN 978-0-19-933343-1. The Jama‘at Ahl-e Hadith, an elitist politico religious movement aimed at islah (reform), has its origins in the early 1870s. Like other Sunni reform movements, it claims to continue the tradition of Shah Waliullah Dehlavi (1703–1762) whom it regards as the first modern Ahl-e Hadith member and draws on ideas of Syed Ahmed Barelvi (Ahmed Shaheed) (1786–1831), follower of Shah Abdul Aziz (1746–1824), the son of Shah Waliullah, and the Yemenite qadi Mohammad ibn Ali al Shawkani (1775–1839).
^ L. Esposito, John (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. m/s. 10. ISBN 0-19-512558-4.
^ Afzal Upal, M. Cusack, Muhammad, Carole (2021). Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. m/s. 639. ISBN 978-90-04-42525-5. "They called themselves variously as Muwahideen (that is, unitarians, the term preferred by Nawab Siddiq Hasan Khan), and Ahl e-Ḥadīth (that is, the Followers of the Prophet’s Words, the term preferred by.. Syed Nazir Hussain).
^ Dietrich Reetz (2006). Islam in the Public Sphere: Religious Groups in India, 1900–1947. Oxford University Press. m/s. 73. ISBN 978-0-19-566810-0.
^ Afzal Upal, M. Cusack, Muhammad, Carole (2021). Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. m/s. 521. ISBN 978-90-04-42525-5.
^ Bianquis, Thierry; Bearman; Bosworth, Edmund; Heinrichs, Wolfhart; Van Donzel, E. J. (2012). Ahl-i Ḥadīth. Brill (ed. Encyclopedia of Islam, Second). ISBN 9789004161214. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 8 November 2019.
^ Brown, Daniel W. (1999). Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought. Cambridge University Press. m/s. 29–32. ISBN 978-0-521-65394-7. Ahl-i-Hadith [...] consciously identified themselves with Zahiri doctrine.
^ Dilip Hiro, Apocalyptic Realm: Jihadists in South Asia, pg. 15. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012. ISBN 9780300173789
^ Muneer Goolam Fareed, Legal reform in the Muslim world, pg. 172. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994.
^ Daniel W. Brown, Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought: Vol. 5 of Cambridge Middle East Studies, p. 32. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. ISBN 9780521653947
^ Michael Feener, R.; Rozehnal, Robert (2004). "4: Debating Orthodoxy, Contesting Tradition Islam in Contemporary South Asia". Islam in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, Inc. m/s. 109. ISBN 1-57607-516-8.
^ Mohsin, K. M. (2001). "The Ahl-i-Hadis Movement in Bangladesh". Dalam Ahmed, Rafiuddin (penyunting). Religion, Identity & Politics: Essays on Bangladesh. Colorado Springs, CO: International Academic Publishers. m/s. 180. ISBN 978-1-58868-080-8.
^ Ali, Bizaa Zeynab (2010). "The Religious and Political Dynamics of Jamiat Ahle-Hadith in Pakistan". Columbia Academic Commons. Dicapai pada 21 July 2017.
^ Rubin, Barry M., penyunting (2010). Guide to Islamist Movements. 1. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. m/s. 348. ISBN 978-0-7656-1747-7.

[1] Daniel W. Brown, Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought: Vol. 5 of Cambridge Middle East Studies, pg. 27. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. ISBN 9780521653947 "In India rejection of taqlīd and preoccupation with hadīth became focused in a single reformist sect, the Ahl-i-Hadīth, which drew directly on the tradition of Shâh Wali Allāh and al-Shawkänī. Almost all of the group's early and influential representatives had direct connections with the line of Shāh Walī Allāh and especially with the Indian mujāhidin movement, led by Sayyid Ahmad Barēlvī, which carried to an extreme the purificationist tendencies within Shāh Waī Allāh's school."

[2] M. Naeem Qureshi, Pan-Islam in British Indian Politics, pg. 458. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 1999. ISBN 9004113711

[ODI2-3] "Ahl-i Hadith". The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2014. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001. ISBN 9780195125580.

[4] Meijer, Roel (2014). "Salafism In Pakistan: The Ahl-e Hadith Movement". Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement. New York: Oxford University Press. m/s. 127. ISBN 978-0-19-933343-1. The Jama‘at Ahl-e Hadith, an elitist politico religious movement aimed at islah (reform), has its origins in the early 1870s. Like other Sunni reform movements, it claims to continue the tradition of Shah Waliullah Dehlavi (1703–1762) whom it regards as the first modern Ahl-e Hadith member and draws on ideas of Syed Ahmed Barelvi (Ahmed Shaheed) (1786–1831), follower of Shah Abdul Aziz (1746–1824), the son of Shah Waliullah, and the Yemenite qadi Mohammad ibn Ali al Shawkani (1775–1839).

[5] L. Esposito, John (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. m/s. 10. ISBN 0-19-512558-4.

[6] Afzal Upal, M. Cusack, Muhammad, Carole (2021). Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. m/s. 639. ISBN 978-90-04-42525-5. "They called themselves variously as Muwahideen (that is, unitarians, the term preferred by Nawab Siddiq Hasan Khan), and Ahl e-Ḥadīth (that is, the Followers of the Prophet’s Words, the term preferred by.. Syed Nazir Hussain).

[7] Dietrich Reetz (2006). Islam in the Public Sphere: Religious Groups in India, 1900–1947. Oxford University Press. m/s. 73. ISBN 978-0-19-566810-0.

[8] Afzal Upal, M. Cusack, Muhammad, Carole (2021). Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. m/s. 521. ISBN 978-90-04-42525-5.

[referenceworks.brillonline.com-9] Bianquis, Thierry; Bearman; Bosworth, Edmund; Heinrichs, Wolfhart; Van Donzel, E. J. (2012). Ahl-i Ḥadīth. Brill (ed. Encyclopedia of Islam, Second). ISBN 9789004161214. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 8 November 2019.

[10] Brown, Daniel W. (1999). Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought. Cambridge University Press. m/s. 29–32. ISBN 978-0-521-65394-7. Ahl-i-Hadith [...] consciously identified themselves with Zahiri doctrine.

[11] Dilip Hiro, Apocalyptic Realm: Jihadists in South Asia, pg. 15. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012. ISBN 9780300173789

[12] Muneer Goolam Fareed, Legal reform in the Muslim world, pg. 172. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994.

[dan32-13] Daniel W. Brown, Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought: Vol. 5 of Cambridge Middle East Studies, p. 32. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. ISBN 9780521653947

[14] Michael Feener, R.; Rozehnal, Robert (2004). "4: Debating Orthodoxy, Contesting Tradition Islam in Contemporary South Asia". Islam in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, Inc. m/s. 109. ISBN 1-57607-516-8.

[15] Mohsin, K. M. (2001). "The Ahl-i-Hadis Movement in Bangladesh". Dalam Ahmed, Rafiuddin (penyunting). Religion, Identity & Politics: Essays on Bangladesh. Colorado Springs, CO: International Academic Publishers. m/s. 180. ISBN 978-1-58868-080-8.

[RaPDJAHP2010-16] Ali, Bizaa Zeynab (2010). "The Religious and Political Dynamics of Jamiat Ahle-Hadith in Pakistan". Columbia Academic Commons. Dicapai pada 21 July 2017.

[auto-17] Rubin, Barry M., penyunting (2010). Guide to Islamist Movements. 1. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. m/s. 348. ISBN 978-0-7656-1747-7.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]