Api Yunani merupakan satu sistem senjata pembakar yang digunakan oleh Empayar Byzantium dari abad ketujuh hingga keempat belas. Resipi untuk api Yunani ini merupakan rahsia negara yang dijaga rapi; para sejarawan telah berspekulasi bahawa ia mungkin berasaskan saltpeter, sulfur, atau kapur tohor, namun kebanyakan sarjana moden bersetuju bahawa ia berasaskan petroleum yang dicampur dengan resin, hampir serupa dengan komposisi napalm moden. Pelaut Byzantine akan membaling bom tangan berisi api Yunani ke atas kapal musuh atau menyemburkannya melalui tiub. Keupayaannya untuk terus terbakar di atas air menjadikannya senjata pembakar laut yang sangat berkesan dan merosakkan, dan kuasa-kuasa lawan gagal meniru bahan tersebut.
Lihat juga
- Senarai ciptaan Byzantine
- Senarai penyembur api
- Senarai ciptaan yang hilang
- Koktel Molotov
- Sinar haba Archimedes
Nota
Rujukan
Petikan
Sumber
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- Cheronis, Nicholas D. (1937), "Chemical Warfare in the Middle Ages: Kallinikos' 'Prepared Fire'", Journal of Chemical Education, Chicago, 14 (8): 360–365, Bibcode:1937JChEd..14..360C, doi:10.1021/ed014p360
- Christides, Vassilios (1991), "Fireproofing of War Machines, Ships and Garments", Proc. Tropis VI: 6th International Symposium on Ship Construction in Antiquity, Lamia 1996, Athens, m/s. 135–141, ISSN 1105-7947
- Christides, Vassilios (1993), "Nafṭ", The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume VII: Mif–Naz, Leiden and New York: Brill, m/s. 884–886, ISBN 9004094199.
- Dawes, Elizabeth A., penyunting (1928), The Alexiad, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul
- Crosby, Alfred W. (2002), Throwing Fire: Projectile Technology Through History, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521791588
- Templat:Skeptoid
- Ellis Davidson, Hilda R. (1973), "The Secret Weapon of Byzantium", Byzantinische Zeitschrift, 66: 61–74
- Forbes, R. J. (1959), "Naphtha Goes To War", More Studies in Early Petroleum History 1860–1880, Leiden: E.J. Brill, m/s. 70–90
- Haldon, John; Byrne, Maurice (1977), "A Possible Solution to the Problem of Greek Fire", Byzantinische Zeitschrift, 70: 91–99, doi:10.1515/byzs.1977.70.1.91, S2CID 191489863
- Haldon, John (2006), "'Greek fire' revisited: recent and current research", dalam Jeffreys, Elizabeth (penyunting), Byzantine Style, Religion and Civilization: In Honour of Sir Steven Runciman, Cambridge University Press, m/s. 290–325, ISBN 978-0521834452
- Karatolios K., Greek Fire and its contribution to Byzantine might, translated by Leonard G. Meachim (Mytilene 2013) Templat:ISBN?
- Leicester, Henry Marshall (1971), The historical background of chemistry, Courier Dover Publications, ISBN 978-0486610535
- Moravcsik, Gyula; Jenkins, R.J.H., penyunting (1967), Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio, Dumbarton Oaks
- Nicolle, David (1996), Medieval Warfare Source Book: Christian Europe and its Neighbours, Brockhampton Press, ISBN 1860198619
- Partington, James Riddick (1999), A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder, Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 0801859549
- Pászthory, Emmerich (1986), "Über das 'Griechische Feuer'. Die Analyse eines spätantiken Waffensystems", Antike Welt, 17 (2): 27–38
- Pryor, John H. (2003), "Byzantium and the Sea: Byzantine Fleets and the History of the Empire in the Age of the Macedonian Emperors, c. 900–1025 CE", dalam Hattendorf, John B.; Unger, Richard W. (penyunting), War at Sea in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, Boydell Press, m/s. 83–104, ISBN 0851159036
- Pryor, John H.; Jeffreys, Elizabeth M. (2006), The Age of the ΔΡΟΜΩΝ: The Byzantine Navy ca. 500–1204, Brill Academic Publishers, ISBN 978-9004151970
- Roland, Alex (1992), "Secrecy, Technology, and War: Greek Fire and the Defense of Byzantium", Technology and Culture, 33 (4): 655–679, doi:10.2307/3106585, JSTOR 3106585, S2CID 113017993
- Spears, W.H. Jr. (1969). Greek Fire: The Fabulous Secret Weapon That Saved Europe. ISBN 0960010637
- Theophanes; Turtledove, Harry (Transl.) (1982), The chronicle of Theophanes: an English translation of anni mundi 6095–6305 (A.D. 602–813), University of Pennsylvania Press, ISBN 978-0812211283
- Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, translated by Rex Warner; with an introduction and notes by M.I. Finley (London 1972)
- Toutain, J. (1953), "Le feu grégeois", Journal des Savants (dalam bahasa Perancis), Paris: 77–80
- "The Rise of Gawain, Nephew of Arthur (De ortu Waluuanii)," ed. Mildred Leake Day, in Wilhelm, James J. (1994). The Romance of Arthur. New York: Garland. pp. 369–397. ISBN 0815315112
- Zenghelis, C. (1932), "Le feu grégeois et les armes à feu des Byzantins", Byzantion, Brussels, VI: 265–286
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