Anugerah bintang dan pingat Jerman Nazi ialah pingat kebesaran tentera, politik dan awam yang dianugerahkan antara tahun 1923 dan 1945, mula-mula oleh Parti Nazi dan kemudian negara Jerman Nazi.
Anugerah pertama bermula pada tahun 1920an, sebelum pihak Nazi berkuasa di Jerman, dengan pingat kebesaran politik dipakai pada pakaian seragam Parti, berserta sebarang anugerah yang mungkin mereka perolehi semasa Perang Dunia Pertama atau sebelumnya.
Selepas tahun 1933, negara mula mengeluarkan pelbagai pingat kebesaran awam, yang boleh diberikan kepada mana-mana warganegara Jerman. Oleh itu, beberapa anugerah (seperti Sports Badges) telah diberikan kepada ahli Parti Nazi, anggota tentera Jerman, dan orang awam. Banyak anugerah standard negara Jerman, seperti medal keselamatan, telah direka bentuk semula dengan menggabungkan simbol Nazi, iaitu swastika.
Beberapa anugerah ketenteraan telah dizahirkan sebelum perang, termasuk pingat khidmat lama Wehrmacht, diikuti dengan anugerah penyertaan dalam Perang Saudara Sepanyol dan pengilhakan Austria dan Sudetenland, berserta sejumlah besar pingat dizahirkan selepas permulaan Perang Dunia II pada 1939. Peraturan anugerah juga membenarkan pemakaian serentak pingat tentera, awam, dan politik pada mana-mana pakaian seragam tentera atau separa tentera Jerman Nazi.
Anugerah dan pingat kebesaran Nazi telah dihentikan selepas kekalahan Jerman Nazi pada Mei 1945, dengan paparan swastika diharamkan. Pada tahun 1957 Republik Persekutuan Jerman membenarkan veteran-veteran yang layak untuk memakai banyak anugerah era Nazi pada pakaian seragam tentera Bundeswehr, termasuk kebanyakan pingat keberanian dan kempen Perang Dunia II,[1] simbol swastika telah dipadam.[2] Ini menyebabkan penciptaan semula banyak anugerah dengan, sebagai contoh, lambang swastika digantikan dengan simbol three-leafed oakleaf cluster (kelompok tiga daun oak) pada pingat Iron Cross dan dengan tarikh 1939 pada pingat War Merit Cross.[3] Selain itu, anugerah ketenteraan baru telah dicipta untuk perkhidmatan pasca perang oleh kedua-dua kerajaan Jerman Barat dan Jerman Timur.
Darjah dan pingat kebesaran
Darjah kebesaran negara
| Lencana dan reben | Nama (Inggeris/Jerman) | Tarikh zahir – tamat | Deskripsi | Jumlah kurniaan |
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Order of the German Eagle Verdienstorden vom Deutschen Adler |
1 May 1937 – 8 May 1945 | Awarded with and without swords | The number of times the order was awarded is unknown. |
 |
Cross of Honour of the German Mother Ehrenkreuz der Deutschen Mutter |
1939 until 1945 | Awarded to exemplary mothers who furnished Germany with Aryan children. Instigated by Adolf Hitler and bears his signature on the reverse. Awarded in three levels: bronze, silver, and gold | The number of times the order was awarded is unknown. It is estimated that up until September 1941 there were a total of 4.7 million recipient mothers. |
Pingat perang: pra-1939
| Lencana dan reben | Nama (Inggeris/Jerman) | Tarikh zahar – tamat | Deskripsi | Jumlah kurniaan |
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Spanish Cross Spanien-Kreuz |
14 April 1939 – 1940 | Awarded with and without swords. Issued in bronze, silver, gold, and gold with diamonds. For service with the Condor Legion in Spain | 26,116 total, for all classes |
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Condor Legion Tank Badge Panzertruppenabzeichen der Legion Condor |
September 1936 – autumn 1939 (official decoration 10 July 1939) |
For tank instructors and maintenance personnel who served with the Condor Legion in Spain, 1936–1939 | 415 |
Pingat perang: 1939–1945
Anugerah ini telah dikurniakan oleh Wehrmacht dan Waffen-SS antara tahun 1939 dan 1945, semasa Perang Dunia II.
| Lencana dan reben | Nama (Inggeris/Jerman) | Tarikh zahir – tamat | Deskripsi | Jumlah kurniaan |
 |
Star of the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross Stern zum Großkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes |
1 September 1939 – 8 May 1945 | A higher class of the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross. A prototype was made, but the decoration was never formally instituted or awarded.[4] | 0 |
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Grand Cross of the Iron Cross Großkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes |
1 September 1939 – 8 May 1945 | Awarded to victorious generals/field marshals of German forces and her allies. Hermann Göring, received the Grand Cross on 19 July 1940, the only recipient of World War II. | 1 |
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Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Golden Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit goldenem Eichenlaub, Schwertern und Brillanten |
29 December 1944 – 8 May 1945 | To be awarded after World War II to Germany's 12 greatest war heroes. Actually awarded only once, to Hans-Ulrich Rudel for continuous outstanding achievements and heroism[5] | 1 |
 |
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub, Schwertern und Brillanten |
28 September 1941 – 8 May 1945 | For continuous bravery before the enemy or excellence in commanding troops after being awarded all preceding classes of the Knight's Cross/Iron Cross | 27 |
 |
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub und Schwertern |
28 September 1941 – 8 May 1945 | For continuous bravery before the enemy or excellence in commanding troops after being awarded all preceding classes of the Knight's Cross/Iron Cross | 160 (159 German, 1 Japanese)[a] |
 |
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub |
3 June 1940 – 8 May 1945 | For continuous bravery before the enemy or excellence in commanding troops after being awarded all preceding classes of the Knight's Cross/Iron Cross | 890 (882 German, 8 Axis allies) |
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Knight Cross of the Iron Cross Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes |
1 September 1939 – 8 May 1945 | Awarded for outstanding bravery in the face of the enemy and for brilliant service in command of troops. A requirement was the possession of the 1st and 2nd class of the Iron Cross. | 7,318 |
 |
Golden Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross Goldenes Ritterkreuz des Kriegsverdienstkreuz |
13 October 1944 – 8 May 1945 | Awarded with and without swords. For outstanding contributions to the war effort | 2 (Further recommendations not approved by the end of the war) |
 |
Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross Ritterkreuz des Kriegsverdienstkreuz |
19 August 1940 – 8 May 1945 | Awarded with and without swords. For meritorious contributions to the war effort after being awarded all preceding classes of the War Merit Cross | s. 250 |
| German Cross in Gold with Diamonds Kriegsorden des Deutschen Kreuzes in Gold mit Brillanten |
October 1942 – 8 May 1945 | To be awarded for continuous bravery before the enemy or excellence in commanding troops (having already been awarded the German Cross in Gold). No awards were ever made. | 0 | |
 |
German Cross in Gold Kriegsorden des Deutschen Kreuzes in Gold |
28 September 1941 – 8 May 1945 | For continuous bravery before the enemy or excellence in commanding troops (not justifying the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross but having already been awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class) | 24,204 (24,190 German, 14 Axis allies) |
 |
German Cross in Silver Kriegsorden des Deutschen Kreuzes in Silber |
28 September 1941 – 8 May 1945 | For significant performances in aiding the military war effort (Not justifying the Knight's Cross of either the Iron Cross or the War Merit Cross but having already been awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class or War Merit Cross 1st Class) | 1,115 |
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Honour Roll Clasp Ehrenblattspange |
30 January 1944 – 8 May 1945 | Different designs for the army, navy and air force Awarded to those who appeared on the Honour Roll for distinction in combat |
4,556 (Army and Waffen-SS awards only)[7] |
 |
Iron Cross (Kelas 1) Eisernes Kreuz 1. Klasse |
1 September 1939 – 8 May 1945 | For continuous bravery before the enemy or excellence in commanding troops after being awarded the Iron Cross 2nd class | s. 300,000[8] |
 |
Iron Cross (Kelas 2) Eisernes Kreuz 2. Klasse |
1 September 1939 – 8 May 1945 | For bravery before the enemy or excellence in commanding troops | s. 4,500,000[9] |
 |
1939 Clasp to the Iron Cross Spange zum Eisernen Kreuz |
1 September 1939 – 8 May 1945 | An award of the Iron Cross, 1st or 2nd class for those who had already received the decoration in World War I | 100,000+ |
 |
War Merit Cross (Kelas 1) Kriegsverdienstkreuz 1. Klasse |
18 October 1939 – 8 May 1945 | Awarded with and without swords. For meritorious contributions to the war effort after being awarded the War Merit Cross, 2nd class | s. 480,000 with swords s. 90,000 without swords[b] |
 |
War Merit Cross (Kelas 2) Kriegsverdienstkreuz 2. Klasse |
18 October 1939 – 8 May 1945 | Awarded with and without swords. For meritorious contributions to the war effort | s. 6,100,000 with swords s. 1,500,000 without swords[b] |
| War Merit Medal Kriegsverdienstmedaille |
19 August 1940 – 8 May 1945 | For lower-level civilian contributions to the war effort | s. 4,900,000[b] |
Pingat khidmat tentera
| Cross of Honour (1914–1918) Ehrenkreuz des Weltkriegs |
Eastern Medal Medaille Winterschlacht im Osten |
West Wall Medal[c] Schutzwall-Ehrenzeichen 1944 bar authorised |
Anschluss Medal|Anschluss Medal | Memel Medal | Sudetenland Medal Prague Castle Bar authorised |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Pingat khidmat lama tentera
| Wehrmacht Long Service Award Wehrmacht-Dienstauszeichnung Awarded to army, navy, and air force Grades for 4, 8, 15, 25, and 40 Years of Service |
SS Long Service Award SS-Dienstauszeichnungen Grades for 4, 12, 18, and 25 Years of Service | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Lencana perisai lengan
| Narvik Shield, 1940 | Perisai Krimea, 1941–1942 | Cholm Shield, 1942 | Demyansk Shield, 1942 | Kuban Shield, 1943 | Warsaw Shield, 1944 | Lapland Shield, 1944–1945 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Cuff title kempen
| Crete Cuff Title, 1942 | Africa Cuff Title, 1941–1943 | Metz 1944 Cuff Title, 1944 | Courland Cuff Title, 1944–1945 |
|---|---|---|---|
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Lencana tentera dan separa tentera
Lencana perang Tentera Darat/Waffen-SS
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Lencana perang tentera laut
Lencana Luftwaffe dan pingat lain
Luftwaffe mengekalkan dua anugerah tidak boleh dibawa (non-portable), iaitu "Piala Kehormat Luftwaffe" (Ehrenpokal für besondere Leistung im Luftkrieg) dan "Piring Kehormat Luftwaffe" (Ehrenschale für hervorragende Kampfleistungen der Luftwaffe). Penerima kedua-dua anugerah ini secara automatik menerima Honour Roll Clasp Luftwaffe pada Januari 1944.[11]
| Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe | ''Luftwaffe'' Honour Plate | Honour Roll Clasp |
|---|---|---|
 |
 |
|
Pingat sukarelawan asing
| Blue Division Medal, Spain |
Medal for Gallantry and Merit for Members of the Eastern Peoples In various grades, with and without swords[12] |
Schalburg Cross, Denmark |
5th Don Cossack Regimental Cross[13][14] |
2nd Siberian Cossack Regimental Cross[15][14] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
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 |
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Susunan keutamaan
Di dalam Wehrmacht, anugerah masa perang (Jerman: Kriegsorden) diberi keutamaan berbanding anugerah masa aman.[16]
- Grand Cross of the Iron Cross
- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (and higher)
- Golden Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross
- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
- Knight's Cross of the War Merit Cross
- German Cross
- Honour Roll Clasp
- Führer Commendation Certificate
- Honour Goblet & Plate of the Luftwaffe
- Iron Cross 1st Class
- War Merit Cross 1st Class
- Iron Cross 2nd Class
- Combat Clasp
- Numbered war badges
- Wound Badge
- Tank Destruction Badge
- Unnumbered war badges
- Campaign shields & cuff titles
- War Merit Cross 2nd Class
- Ostvolk Decoration
- Eastern Front Medal
- War Merit Medal
- Cross of Honour (1914–1918)
- Spanish Cross
- Qualification badges
- Long-service awards
- Commemorative medals
- West Wall Medal
- Foreign decorations
Lihat juga
Nota
- ^ One non-German received the Knight's Cross with oakleaves and swords: Admiral Yamamoto.[6]
- ^ a b c While estimates vary, War Merit Crosses/Medals awards total 'some 13 million',[10] a figure reflected in total for all classes laid out here.
- ^ The West Wall Medal was issued twice, once in 1939 and again in 1944. The 1944 version was commonly referred to as the "German Defense Medal". A "1944 bar" was authorized for recipients of the 1939 West Wall Medal.
Rujukan
- Petikan
- ^ "Dienstvorschriften Nr. 14/97. Bezug: Anzugordnung für die Soldaten der Bundeswehr. ZDv 37/10. (Juli 1996)". German Federal regulation. Dicapai pada 2019-09-06.
- ^ "Bundesministerium der Justiz: Gesetz über Titel, Orden und Ehrenzeichen, 26.7.1957. Bundesgesetzblatt Teil III, Gliederungsnummer 1132-1". German Federal law. Dicapai pada 2019-09-06.
- ^ Hieronymussen, Paul (1970). Orders, medals, and decorations of Britain and Europe in colour. London: Blandford Press. m/s. 171–173. ISBN 978-0-7137-0445-7.
- ^ Littlejohn & Dodkins 1968, m/s. 120.
- ^ Littlejohn & Dodkins 1968, m/s. 117.
- ^ Scherzer 2007, m/s. 801.
- ^ Angolia 1987, m/s. 316.
- ^ Both Littlejohn & Dodkins (p. 120) and Previtera (p. 322) indicate 'about 300,000'. Some estimates are higher.
- ^ Previtera 2007, m/s. 322. Some estimates are lower.
- ^ Littlejohn & Dodkins 1968, m/s. 129.
- ^ Angolia 1987, m/s. 320.
- ^ Kurt-Gerhard Klietmann: Auszeichnungen des Deutschen Reiches. 1936–1945. Motorbuch, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-87943-689-4. p. 57-59
- ^ Littlejohn & Dodkins 1968, m/s. 202.
- ^ a b Littlejohn 1994, m/s. 299.
- ^ Littlejohn & Dodkins 1968, m/s. 203.
- ^ Lumsden 2001, m/s. 88.
- Bibliografi
- Angolia, John (1987). For Führer and Fatherland: Military Awards of the Third Reich. R. James Bender Publishing. ISBN 0912138149.
- Littlejohn, David; Dodkins, Colonel C. M. (1968). Orders, Decorations, Medals and Badges of the Third Reich. California: R. James Bender Publishing. ISBN 978-0854200801.
- Littlejohn, David (1994). Foreign Legions of the Third Reich. Volume 4. United States of America: R. James Publishing. ISBN 0-912138-36-X.
- Lumsden, Robin (2001). Medals and Decorations of Hitler's Germany. England: Airlife. ISBN 1-84037-178-1.
- Previtera, Stephen Thomas (2007). The Iron Time: A History of the Iron Cross. Second edition. Winidore Press. Richmond VA. ISBN 978-0967307039.
- Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger: 1939-1945 (dalam bahasa Jerman). Scherzers Miltaer-Verlag, Jena, Germany. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
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