Sukar untuk menentukan apa yang membentuk bahasa berbanding dialek . Sesetengah bahasa, seperti Cina dan Arab, merangkumi beberapa jenis yang saling tidak dapat difahami dan kadangkala dianggap sebagai bahasa tunggal dan kadangkala keluarga bahasa. Sebaliknya, daftar bahasa sehari -hari Hindi dan Urdu hampir boleh difahami sepenuhnya, dan kadangkala diklasifikasikan sebagai satu bahasa, Hindustani, bukannya dua bahasa yang berasingan.
Ethnologue (2022, 25th edition)
Bahasa dalam list ini mempunyai 40 juta bahkan melebihi pembicara dalam edisi 2022. Ethnologue.[1] Entries identified by Ethnologue as macrolanguages (such as Arabic, Persian, Malay, Pashto, and Chinese, encompassing all their respective varieties) are not included in this section.
| Bahasa | Keluarga bahasa | Sub Bahasa | Penutur Bahasa Utama (L1) |
Penutur Bahasa Cadangan (L2) |
Banyak Penutur (L1+L2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Indo-European | Germanic | 372.9 million | [2]1.080 billion | 1.452 billion |
| Bahasa mandarin (incl. Standard Chinese, but excl. other varieties) |
Sino-Tibetan | Sinitic | 929.0 million | [3]198.7 million | 1.118 billion |
| Hindi (excl. Urdu) |
Indo-European | Indo-Aryan | 343.9 million | [4]258.3 million | 602.2 million |
| Spanish | Indo-European | Romance | 474.7 million | [5]73.6 million | 548.3 million |
| French | Indo-European | Romance | 79.9 million | [6]194.2 million | 274.1 million |
| Modern Standard Arabic (excl. dialects) |
Afro-Asiatic | Semitic | 0[a] | [8]274.0 million | 274.0 million |
| Bengali | Indo-European | Indo-Aryan | 233.7 million | [9]39.0 million | 272.7 million |
| Russian | Indo-European | Balto-Slavic | 154.0 million | [10]104.1 million | 258.2 million |
| Portuguese | Indo-European | Romance | 232.4 million | [11]25.2 million | 257.7 million |
| Urdu (excl. Hindi) |
Indo-European | Indo-Aryan | 70.2 million | [12]161.0 million | 231.3 million |
| bahasa Indonesia (diluar bahasa melayu/Bahasa Melayu Malaysia) |
Austronesian | Malayo-Polynesian | 43.6 million | [13]155.4 million | 199.0 million |
| Standard German | Indo-European | Germanic | 75.6 million | [14]59.1 million | 134.6 million |
| Japanese | Japonic | — | 125.3 million | [15]0.1 million | 125.4 million |
| Nigerian Pidgin | English Creole | Krio | 4.7 million | [16]116.0 million | 120.7 million |
| Marathi | Indo-European | Indo-Aryan | 83.1 million | [17]16.0 million | 99.1 million |
| Telugu | Dravidian | South-Central | 82.7 million | [18]13.0 million | 95.7 million |
| Turkish | Turkic | Oghuz | 82.2 million | [19]5.9 million | 88.1 million |
| Tamil | Dravidian | Southern | 78.4 million | [20]8.0 million | 86.4 million |
| Yue Chinese (incl. Cantonese) |
Sino-Tibetan | Sinitic | 85.2 million | [21]0.4 million | 85.6 million |
| Vietnamese | Austroasiatic | Vietic | 84.6 million | [22]0.7 million | 85.3 million |
| Tagalog[b] | Austronesian | Central Philippine | 28.2 million | [23]54.2 million | 82.3 million |
| Wu Chinese (incl. Shanghainese) |
Sino-Tibetan | Sinitic | 81.7 million | [24]0.1 million | 81.8 million |
| Korean | Koreanic | — | — | — [25] |
81.7 million |
| Iranian Persian (excl. Dari and Tajik) |
Indo-European | Iranian | 56.4 million | [26]21.0 million | 77.4 million |
| Hausa | Afro-Asiatic | Chadic | 50.8 million | [27]26.3 million | 77.1 million |
| Egyptian Spoken Arabic (excl. other Arabic dialects) |
Afro-Asiatic | Semitic | — | — [28] |
74.8 million |
| Swahili | Niger–Congo | Bantu | 16.1 million | [29]55.4 million | 71.4 million |
| Javanese | Austronesian | Malayo-Polynesian | — | — [30] |
68.3 million |
| Italian | Indo-European | Romance | 64.8 million | [31]3.1 million | 67.9 million |
| Western Punjabi (excl. Eastern Punjabi) |
Indo-European | Indo-Aryan | — | — [32] |
66.4 million |
| Kannada | Dravidian | Southern | 48.6 million | [33]15.4 million | 64.0 million |
| Gujarati | Indo-European | Indo-Aryan | 57.0 million | [34]5.0 million | 62.0 million |
| Thai | Kra–Dai | Zhuang–Tai | 20.7 million | [35]40.0 million | 60.7 million |
| Amharic | Afro-Asiatic | Semitic | 32.4 million | [36]25.1 million | 57.5 million |
| Bhojpuri | Indo-European | Indo-Aryan | 52.3 million | [37]0.2 million | 52.5 million |
| Eastern Punjabi (excl. Western Punjabi) |
Indo-European | Indo-Aryan | 48.1 million | [38]3.6 million | 51.7 million |
| Min Nan Chinese (incl. Hokkien) |
Sino-Tibetan | Sinitic | 49.3 million | [39]0.4 million | 49.7 million |
| Jin Chinese | Sino-Tibetan | Sinitic | — | — [40] |
47.1 million |
| Yoruba | Niger–Congo | Atlantic–Congo | 43.6 million | [41]2.0 million | 45.6 million |
| Hakka Chinese | Sino-Tibetan | Sinitic | 43.8 million | [42]0.2 million | 44.1 million |
| Burmese | Sino-Tibetan | Tibeto-Burman | 33.0 million | [43]10.0 million | 43.0 million |
| Sudanese Spoken Arabic | Afro-Asiatic | Semitic | 33.3 million | [44]9.0 million | 42.3 million |
| Polish | Indo-European | Balto-Slavic | 40.0 million | [45]0.7 million | 40.6 million |
| Algerian Spoken Arabic | Afro-Asiatic | Semitic | 34.7 million | [46]5.6 million | 40.3 million |
| Lingala | Niger–Congo | Atlantic–Congo | 20.3 million | 20.0 million | 40.3 million |
Tiada kriteria tunggal untuk berapa banyak pengetahuan yang mencukupi untuk dikira sebagai penutur bahasa kedua .
Terdapat juga kesukaran untuk mendapatkan bilangan penutur yang boleh dipercayai, yang berbeza mengikut masa kerana perubahan populasi dan peralihan bahasa . Di sesetengah kawasan, tiada data banci yang boleh dipercayai, data itu bukan semasa, atau banci mungkin tidak merekodkan bahasa yang dituturkan, atau merekodkannya secara samar-samar. [47]Kadangkala populasi penutur dibesar-besarkan atas sebab politik, atau penutur bahasa minoriti mungkin kurang dilaporkan memihak kepada bahasa kebangsaan. [47]
- ^ "What are the top 200 most spoken languages?". Ethnologue. 3 October 2018. Dicapai pada 2021-02-26.
- ^ English di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ Chinese, Mandarin di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ Hindi di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ Spanish di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ French di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ Senarai bahasa mengikut jumlah bilangan penutur di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ Senarai bahasa mengikut jumlah bilangan penutur di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ Bengali di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ Russian di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ Portuguese di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ Urdu di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ Indonesian di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ German, Standard di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ Japanese di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ Nigerian Pidgin di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ Marathi di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ Telugu di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ Turkish di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ Tamil di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ Chinese, Yue di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ Vietnamese di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ Tagalog di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ Chinese, Wu di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ Senarai bahasa mengikut jumlah bilangan penutur di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ Persian, Iranian di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ Hausa di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ Senarai bahasa mengikut jumlah bilangan penutur di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ Swahili di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ Senarai bahasa mengikut jumlah bilangan penutur di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ Italian di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ Western Punjabi di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ Kannada di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ Gujarati di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ Thai di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ Senarai bahasa mengikut jumlah bilangan penutur di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ Bhojpuri di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ Senarai bahasa mengikut jumlah bilangan penutur di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ Chinese, Min Nan di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ Senarai bahasa mengikut jumlah bilangan penutur di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ Yoruba di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ Hakka Chinese di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ Burmese di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ Sudanese Spoken Arabic di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ Polish di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ Sudanese Spoken Arabic di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ a b Crystal, David (1988). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge University Press. m/s. 286–287. ISBN 978-0-521-26438-9.
Ralat petik: Tag <ref> wujud untuk kumpulan bernama "lower-alpha", tetapi tiada tag <references group="lower-alpha"/> yang berpadanan disertakan